For the source text click/tap here: Bava Kamma 13
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The mishna teaches: One is liable only for damage caused to property that belongs to members of the covenant.
The Gemara asks: This clause serves to exclude what? If it serves to exclude the property of a gentile, isn’t that already explicitly taught in the mishna below (37b): In the case of an ox of a Jew that gored an ox of a gentile, the Jew is exempt.
We explore the differences between ancient near eastern codes (Hammurabi) vs the laws of Mishpatim.