Nedarim 84: לָאו בכלל ״בּרְִיּוֹת״ הוּא

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There is a difference of opinion regarding whether a husband is considered like other people or in a special category.

Ulla said: Actually, a husband is not included in her reference to people, and there is no contradiction. Rather, the mishna provides two reasons why he cannot nullify his wife’s vow. The first reason, which is merely implied by the mishna, is that she can be sustained by her husband

Rava said the opposite: Actually, a husband is included in her reference to people, and therefore his wife may not benefit from him. And when the mishna states the halakha, it employs the style known as: What is the reason, and it should be understood as follows: What is the reason that the husband cannot nullify his wife’s vow? Because she may benefit from gleanings, forgotten sheaves, and pe’a.

Rav Naḥman said: Actually, a husband is not included in her reference to people, and her vow not to derive benefit from all people does not include him, which is why he cannot nullify it. And this is what the mishna is teaching: The husband cannot nullify his wife’s vow, because even if she becomes divorced and can no longer derive benefit from her husband, as he is now included in her reference to people, she may still benefit from gleanings, forgotten sheaves, and pe’a.

We continue our exploration fo the status of women with particular reference to John Stuart Mill’s writings some 150 years before modern feminism (1869)

Nedarim 83: Mourning and Melancolia

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We continue to struggle with what vows a husband can annul:

Perhaps the husband nullified for her the vow that rendered wine forbidden to her, as she suffers pain when she refrains from drinking it. But as for her vow that impurity imparted by the dead is forbidden to her, he did not nullify it for her, as she suffers no pain by not becoming impure through contact with the dead. 

Why, then, does she not bring the offerings that must be brought by a nazirite who became ritually impure through contact with the dead? This implies that since the husband can nullify a vow with regard to a matter that would cause her to deprive herself, he can also nullify a vow with regard to a matter that would not cause her to deprive herself.

The Gemara rejects this argument: The Sages say in response that a woman who vows that impurity imparted by the dead is forbidden to her also suffers pain as a result. How so? As it is written:

ב  טוֹב לָלֶכֶת אֶל-בֵּית-אֵבֶל, מִלֶּכֶת אֶל-בֵּית מִשְׁתֶּה--בַּאֲשֶׁר, הוּא סוֹף כָּל-הָאָדָם; וְהַחַי, יִתֵּן אֶל-לִבּוֹ.

2 It is better to go to the house of mourning, than to go to the house of feasting; for that is the end of all men, and the living will lay it to his heart.

                                                                                    Eccl 7:2

This means that one who eulogizes others when they die will in turn be eulogized when he himself dies; one who weepsfor others will be wept for when he himself passes away; and one who buries others will himself be buried upon his passing. A woman who cannot participate in the funerals of others because she is barred from contracting impurity through contact with a corpse is distressed by the thought that she will receive similar treatment when she dies. Therefore, her vow involves affliction and can be nullified by her husband. 

We examine the exegesis of Ecc 7:2 and  explore the grief associated with mourning from a  Freudian perspective in his “Mouring and melancholia” paper.

Nedarim 82: Marital Abstinence

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Rava inquired of Rav Nachman: According to the Rabbis (who disagree with Rabbi Yosi regarding bathing and adornments), is a woman’s vow to abstain from cohabitation regarded as one that involves physical affliction, or is it a matter that is between him and her? Rav Nachman said to him: This can be resolved from the following Mishna: If she made a neder, saying, “I am removed from all Jews” (she prohibited herself from engaging in relations with any Jew), the husband may revoke the portion of the neder relevant to him, and she is then permitted to him, but she remains forbidden to all other Jews. 

We explore the notion of marital abstinence with specific focus on hassidic groups of Ger Slonim and Toldos Aron.

Nedarim 81: Grime

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Steinsalz writes:

In the context of the discussion on whether a vow to refrain from bathing is considered innuy nefesh – suffering of the soul – the Gemara quotes a statement made by the Sages of Israel: be careful with regard to irbuvita be careful to learn Torah with habura and be sensitive to the children of the poor, because they will be the ones from whom Torah will come.

The term irbuvita appears to mean grime, although some interpret it to mean a mixture, that is to say, filth mixed in a person’s hair or clothing. Different manuscripts offer variant readings of this word (e.g., harfifuta or arpufita) whose meanings are not clear. Nevertheless, they seem to indicate that this is a unique word for filthy conditions, perhaps a situation where things begin to get stuck together because of the dirt.

We continue our exploration of the history of grime and attempts in modernity to commercialize cleanliness and detergent products.

Nedarim 80: Ablutions

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We have learned that the only vows that a husband has the ability to nullify are nedarim that affect the personal relationship between husband and wife – bein ish le-ishto – or nedarim that are considered vows that make her suffer – innuy nefesh. How do we define innuy nefesh? 
Our daf questions whether the inability to bathe should be considered innuy nefesh, since we find that on Yom Kippur – a day on which the Torah commands us to suffer innuy nefesh (see Vayikra 23:27) – only people who eat, drink or perform work will suffer the punishment of karet for desecrating the day. Since bathing, while forbidden, is not punishable, it would seem that it is not truly a situation of innuy nefesh. 

Rava answers that the Torah distinguishes between the requirement for immediate innuy nefesh on Yom Kippur and the long-term innuy nefesh implied in a neder. 

We explore the purifying properties of bathing and ablution in other cultures from early Roman baths in England to Lourdes and Japanese purifying bowls.

Nedarim 79: ענוי נפש

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Steinsalz writes:

the ability of a woman’s father or husband to nullify a neder taken by her – hafarat nedarim – and specifically of which vows can be annulled. From a close reading of the passages in Bamidbar (30:10-14) the Talmudic Sages conclude that a man cannot nullify any neder taken by his wife, rather his power is limited only to vows that affect the personal relationship between husband and wife – bein ish le-ishto – or nedarim that are considered vows that make her suffer – innuy nefesh.

We examine these sufferings of the flesh in light of the Isaiah passage appropriated by Christian theologians and rabbinic responses including the work of Daniel Boyarin.

We review  the notion of suffering in the work of Simone Weil a borderline figure who converted to Catholicism but retained resonances with deep kabbalistic thinking.

Nedarim 78: Silent Treatment

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§ Rabbi Ḥanina says: A husband who is silent and does not formally nullify his wife’s vow in order to annoy [lemeikat] her, but intends to nullify it later, can nullify it even from now until ten days later. 

Our Gemora mentions a case where a wife pronounces a vow and the husband remains silent in order to distress her. He makes her think that he wishes to confirm the vow; however, in truth, he plans on revoking it at a later time. 

We examine the silent treatment in marriage as abuse, as well as in parenting with specific reference to the character of Reb Saunders and his silent treatment of his son Reuven  in Chaim Potok’s The Chosen.

Nedarim 77: Vows on Shabbat

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As we learned on yesterday’s daf, the Mishna (76b) notes that the nullification of a neder –  hafarat nedarim – taken by a woman by her father or her husband, can be done on Shabbat. 

Our daf cites a Mishna from Massekhet Shabbat (157a) that reiterates this rule, adding that hatarat nedarim – annulment of a vow by a Jewish court or Rabbi – is only performed on Shabbat if it is a neder that affects Shabbat itself. 

What is the relationship between vows and shabbat? And how come we took the greatest vow in our history at Mt Sinai,  on shabbat?

Nedarim 76: מִיּוֹם אֶל יוֹם

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Our Mishnah states that the revoking of  nedarim can be performed the entire day. This can be a leniency and a stringency. How is this? If she made a neder on Friday night, he may revoke it Friday night and Shabbos day until it gets dark (nightfall). If, however, she made a neder right before it got dark, he may revoke it as long as it is not yet dark. If it got dark and he did not yet revoke it, he may not revoke it any longer. 

Our Daf cites a braisa: The revoking of her nedarim can be performed the entire day. Rabbi Yosi the son of Rabbi Yehudah and Rabbi Elozar the son of Rabbi Shimon say: They (her husband and father) have twenty-four hours (from the moment her neder was heard) to revoke it. 

We explore the notion of time linear vs cyclical as well as the metaphor of : מִיּוֹם אֶל יוֹם

Or "one day at a time" psychologically and spiritually 

(in recovery).

Nedarim 75: Reb Eliezer’s Mikva Exempla

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The Mishna on our daf teaches that all agree that there is no significance to a statement made by a man who tells his wife in advance that he ratifies all vows that she takes for the foreseeable future.

If, however, he tells her in advance that he is nullifying all of her nedarim, Rabbi Eliezer rules that he has the ability to do so, while the Hakhamim disagree, arguing that he only has the ability to annul her vows after he hears that she has accepted them.

They said to Rabbi Eliezer: If a mikvah, which raises those that were tamei from their tumah (and renders them tahor), but cannot prevent a tahor from becoming tamei (if he touches a sheretz while in a mikvah, he will become tamei); so, a person, who cannot raise those things that are tamei from their tumah (if he swallows a ring that is tamei and then regurgitates it, it will remain tamei), certainly the halacha should be that a person cannot prevent something that is tahor from becoming tamei (if he swallows a ring that is tahor and enters a room that contains a corpse, the ring will become tamei).

The rabbis speak about the power of a t’vilah to return a person from a state of impurity to a state of purity. But this process does not render a person immune to future impurity, nor does it render an object impure if that object is swallowed by a person before immersion.

The Minchas Chinuch (263:3) asks: How can Rabbi Akiva in Chulin (72a) rule that a fetus inside of its mother’s womb can Biblically contract tumah? Shouldn’t the fetus be regarded as a “swallowed item,” and therefore, be shielded by the mother’s body from becoming tamei?

He answers that the fetus is considered like a thigh of its mother and therefore is rendered tamei just like any other one of the mother’s limbs.

We review the issue of tum’ah beluah and recent problems with ultrasonography of potential fetal kohanim.

Nedarim 74: חֲבָל עָלֶיךָ בֶּן עַזַּאי

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Chief among Ben 'Azzai's teachers was Joshua b. Hananiah, whose opinions he expounded (Parah i. 1), proved to be correct (Yeb. iv. 13), or defended against R.Akiba (Yoma ii. 3; Ta'anit iv. 4; Tosef., Sheb. ii. 13).

R. Akiba himself was not really Ben 'Azzai's teacher, although the latter occasionally calls him so, and, in our daf, says of himself "חֲבָל עָלֶיךָ בֶּן עַזַּאי"

that he did not stand in closer relation as pupil to Akiba he expressed the same regret in regard to Ishmael b. Elisha (Ḥul. 71a).

In his halakic opinions and Biblical exegesis, as well as in other sayings, Ben 'Azzai follows RAkiba; and, from the tone in which he speaks of R.Akiba elsewhere the Amoraim concluded that his relations with Akiba were both those of pupil and of colleague.

We explore this relationship, especially regarding his tragic end in the Pardes (for men see my Dad Ditty Yevamot 111)

Nedarim 73: Deaf Husband

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Perhaps the phrase “and her husband hears it” Num 30:8 regarding oaths:

ח  וְשָׁמַע אִישָׁהּ בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ, וְהֶחֱרִישׁ לָהּ:  וְקָמוּ נְדָרֶיהָ, וֶאֱסָרֶהָ אֲשֶׁר-אָסְרָה עַל-נַפְשָׁהּ--יָקֻמוּ.

8 and her husband hear it, whatsoever day it be that he heareth it, and hold his peace at her; then her vows shall stand, and her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand.                                                                                                          

does not mean that hearing is indispensable to the nullification of a vow, so that even a deaf man can nullify his wife’s vows. 

Rava said: Come and hear a baraita interpreting that verse: “And her husband hears it”; this excludes the wife of a deaf man.

We cite the Sire then explore the wonderful review of modern responsa regarding sign language and its impact on the halachic definition of deaf mute...

Nedarim 72: Rabbi's Daughters

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The Mishna states: It was the custom of Torah scholars before their daughters would leave their authority, he (the father) would say to her (his daughter): All nedarim that you made in my house are revoked. And similarly, the husband would say before she entered his authority: All nedarim that you made before you entered my authority are revoked. This is because once she enters into his authority (as a nesuah), he cannot revoke her vows (that were made beforehand).  

We explore recent stories about rabbi’s daughters from the Netziv’s wife Reyna Batya to current autobiographies and movies about the struggles of being a public figure’s child.

Nedarim 71: Veto Power

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A new Mishna offers definitive words regarding the vows of a betrothed woman.  It states that a betrothed woman who is divorced the same day and then immediately betrothed again - even if this happens with one hundred men - her father and her last husband nullify her vows.  The principle is that a father and a husband nullify the vows of a young woman who has not entered into her own jurisdiction either through full marriage or through reaching the age of majority for at least one moment.

We continue our exploration of the veto power of fathers over daughters

Nedarim 70: Jephthah

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Our next mishnah continues to discuss the ability of fathers and husbands to annul their daughters’ or wives’ vows.

If the father dies, his authority does not pass over to the husband. If the husband dies, his authority passes over to the father.

The mishnah is still discussing the betrothed young girl. Generally, both the father and husband must jointly annul her vows. If, while she is in this status, her father dies, her husband still cannot annul her vows on his own. This is because she is only betrothed and not fully married. A husband’s right to annul his wife’s vows on his own begins only at the point of marriage. In contrast, should her betrothed husband die, her father may annul her vows. This is because she was never fully married, nor has she reached majority age.

We further explore women’s vows especially the story of Jepthah.

Nedarim 69: Vows(Islamic Style)

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We have been discussing the rules of hafarat nedarim – the right of a girl’s father or a woman’s husband to nullify her vows upon hearing them. The halakhot that appear in Sefer Bamidbar (30:14-16) consider two other possible reactions: either silence, or hakamat ha-neder – ratification, or affirming that the vow should take effect. In both of these cases – i.e., if the father or husband hears the neder and does nothing for the day, or else says, “Yes, I want that neder to take effect,” the vow can no longer be removed by the father or the husband.

We explore in a digressive manner the laws of vows and annulment in a sister religion, Islam.

Nedarim 68: Nisroknah

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The Gemara cites a lengthy, five-part Beraisa which discusses the applications of "Nisroknah." The RAN explains the Chidush of each part. Some of the Ran's comments are difficult to follow. At some points he writes that if the father or the husband did Hafarah and then died, the woman's Neder is considered to have been weakened, while elsewhere he writes that if the father or the husband did Hafarah and then died, the Hafarah is ineffectual and does not weaken the Neder.

We continue our exploration of vows and oaths including the way the Dead Sea community interpreted the biblical verse (Num 30:17)

Nedarim 67: Conspiring InLaws

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The first topic in the 10th perek is the status of a betrothed young woman, who is under both her father's authority and the authority of her betrothed. The Sages derived from the verses in the Torah that address the nullification of vows that a betrothed young woman's vows are nullified only if both her father and her husband nullify them. 

Underlying this Mishna is the teaching (Numbers 30) that women's vows can be nullified by their fathers and husbands.  Upon learning of the vows of their daughters and wives, fathers and husbands can either ratify or nullify those vows but only on the same day that they hear of them.  

We explore when conflict arises between in-laws and Halachic and social psychological insights to conflict resolution.

Nedarim 66: Beauty

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A new Mishna teaches about dissolving a vow to enhance the honour of the person making the vow or his family. The example of someone vowing that an "ugly woman" is konam for him when in fact she is beautiful - or that she is black when she is white, or short when she is tall, is repeated from an earlier daf. Another example - this one of a woman who is 'beautified’.

The man who named her as konam to him is confronted by Rabbi Yishmael who helps him realize that this beautified woman should in fact be permitted to him - and his vow is dissolved.

Another example is shared regarding the perception of beauty: a woman had a false tooth (we learn that it was likely made of wood and thus rotten and 'ugly') replaced by a gold tooth made by Rabbi Yishmael, thus dissolving the vow, and allowing her to marry.

We explore the notion of beauty in Rabbinics and feminist critiques thereof

Nedarim 65: Secret Vows

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A story is told of King Zedkiah who found King Nebuchadnezzar eating a live rabbit.  Nebuchadnezzar  had King Zedkiah swear an oath, shavuah, that he would not tell anyone of this transgression.  Later, when he was physically suffering, Zedkiah asked the judges of the Sanhedrin to dissolve his oath, and they did so, allowing Zedkiah to share what he saw.  Nebuchadnezzar learned that people were treating him with less respect and he demanded to know why Zedkiah was permitted to dissolve his oath without the subject of the oath in his presence.  Realizing their errors, the judges all moved from sitting on cushions to sitting on the floor, demonstrating acknowledgement of their halachic breach.    We explore this relationship from historical and archaeological perspectives.